{"id":1432,"date":"2015-10-26T16:55:42","date_gmt":"2015-10-26T14:55:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mep.eng.cu.edu.eg\/?page_id=1432"},"modified":"2015-11-04T08:20:30","modified_gmt":"2015-11-04T06:20:30","slug":"courses_diploma_control","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/mep.eng.cu.edu.eg\/ar\/courses_diploma_control\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a: \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\ufee3\ufedb\u0642 \u0665\u0666\u0660 \u0623\ufe9f\ufeec\u0632\u0629 \u0627\ufedf\ufed8\ufef3\ufe8e\u0633 \u0648\u0627\ufef9\ufea7\ufe97\ufe91\ufe8e\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \ufed3\ufef0 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\u0627\ufedf\u0631\ufee3\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0632 \u0627\ufedf\ufed8\ufef3\ufe8e\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufef3\ufe94 \ufedf\ufee3\ufedb\u0648\ufee7\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0648\u0627\ufe8b\u0631 \u0627\ufedf\ufeec\ufef3\u062f\u0631\u0648\ufedf\ufef3\ufedb\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 &#8211; \ufed7\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\ufed3\ufeec\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0645 \u0648\ufe97\ufea3\ufee0\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufedd \u0627\ufedf\u062f\u0648\u0627\ufe8b\u0631\u0627\ufedf\ufeec\ufef3\u062f\u0631\u0648\ufedf\ufef3\ufedb\ufef3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\u0631\ufedb\ufe91\u0640\u0640\ufe94- \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0648\u0627\ufe8b\u0631 \u0627\ufef7\ufeb3\ufe8e\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\ufef3\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufeec\ufef3\u062f\u0631\u0648\ufedf\ufef3\ufedb\ufef3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 (\u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \ufed3\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \u0627\ufef9\ufe97\ufe9f\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufee9\u060c \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \ufed3\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \u0627\ufedf\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\u0631\ufecb\ufe94\u060c \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \ufed3\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \u0623\ufeb3\u0637\u0648\u0627\ufee7\ufe97\ufef3\u0646\u060c \ufed7\ufef3\ufe8e\u0633 \u0648\u0631\ufeb3\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufee7\ufea3\ufee7\ufef0 \u0627\ufedf\ufea7\ufebb\ufe8e\ufe8b\ufebb\ufef0 \ufedf\ufee0\ufee3\ufebf\ufea7\ufe8e\u062a\u060c \ufee3\ufea7\u0637\u0637 \u0627\ufef9\u0632\u0627\ufea3\ufe94\u060c \ufe97\u0631\ufed7\ufef3\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\ufecc\ufee7\ufe8e\ufebb\u0631).<\/p>\n<p><strong>\ufee3\ufedb\u0642 \u0665\u0666\u0663 \u0625\ufeb3\ufe97\ufea7\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufecc\ufe8e\ufee3\ufedd \u0627\ufef9\ufed3\ufe97\u0631\u0627\ufebf\ufef3\ufe94 \ufed3\ufef0 \ufe97\ufea3\ufee0\ufef3\ufedd \ufee7\u0638\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufef7\u0648\ufe97\u0648\ufee3\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\ufedb\ufef0:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\ufe97\ufecc\u0631\ufef3\u0641 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufecc\ufe8e\ufee3\ufedd \u0627\ufef9\ufed3\ufe97\u0631\u0627\ufebf\ufef3\ufe94 \u0648\ufecb\ufefc\ufed7\ufe97\ufeec\ufe8e \ufee3\ufeca \ufe97\u0637\ufe91\ufef3\ufed8\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufea3\ufe8e\ufeb3\u0640\u0628 \u0627\ufef5\ufedf\u0640\ufef0 \u0648\ufe97\ufedb\ufee7\u0648\ufedf\u0648\ufe9f\ufef3\u0640\ufe8e \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufecc\ufee0\u0648\ufee3\u0640\ufe8e\u062a- \u0648\u0638\ufef3\ufed4\u0640\ufe94 \u0648\ufecb\ufefc\ufed7\u0640\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufecc\ufe8e\ufee3\u0640\ufedd \u0627\ufef9\ufed3\ufe97\u0631\u0627\ufebf\u0640\u0640\ufef3\ufe94 \ufee3\u0640\u0640\ufeca \ufee7\u0638\u0640\u0640\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufef7\u0648\ufe97\u0648\ufee3\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\ufedb\ufef0 \ufed3\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \ufeeb\ufee7\u062f\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufed8\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0649 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufef3\ufedb\ufe8e\ufee7\ufef3\ufedb\ufef3\u0640\u0640\ufe94- \ufee3\ufe97\u0637\ufee0\ufe91\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufed4\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufecb\ufee0\ufef0 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufe91\ufe8e\ufeb7\u0640\u0640\u0631-on line interactive control -\u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufedb\u0648\ufee7\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\u0631\ufe8b\ufef3\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufef3\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufee7\ufee3\u0637\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufeb7\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufedb\ufedd \u0627\ufedf\ufecc\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u0645 \ufedf\ufee3\ufecc\ufe8e\ufee3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufedd \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufef9\ufed3\ufe97\u0631\u0627\ufebf\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufef0 &#8211; \ufed7\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0627\ufe8b\u0645 \u0627\ufef9\ufea7\ufe97\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\ufedf\u0631\ufe8b\ufef3\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufef3\ufe94 \ufedf\ufee0\ufe91\u0631\ufee7\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufee3\ufe9e- \u0648\ufebf\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufeca \ufecb\ufee7\ufe8e\ufebb\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufef7\ufeb3\ufe8e\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufef3\ufe94\u0655\u0648\u0627\u0638\ufeec\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u0631 \ufee3\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\u0640\u0640\u0640\u062f\ufed3\u0642 \ufecb\ufee0\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufea7\u0637\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0637 \u0648\u0627\ufedf\u0631\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\u0648\ufebb\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufed4\ufef0 \ufedf\ufee7\u0638\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\ufed8\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0649 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufef3\ufedb\ufe8e\ufee7\ufef3\ufedb\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 -(Synoptic diagram \ufecb\ufee7\ufe8e\ufebb\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\ufedf\u0648\ufea3\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\u0631\ufe8b\ufef3\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufef3\ufe94 &#8211; \ufedf\u0648\ufea3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufef7\ufe9f\ufeec\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufea3\ufeb3\ufe8e\ufeb3\ufe8e\u062a- \ufee3\ufed4\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\ufea2 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufeb7\ufed0\ufef3\ufedd \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0648\ufedf\ufee3\ufe91\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufef9\ufee7\u0630\u0627\u0631- \ufe97\ufed0\ufef3\ufef3\u0631 \ufeb7\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0648\ufecb\u0648\u0627\ufee3\ufedd \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufeb7\u0640\ufed0\ufef3\ufedd \u2013 \ufe97\ufea3\ufee0\ufef3\u0640\ufedd \u0627\ufef7\ufecb\u0637\u0640\ufe8e\ufedd \u0648\ufee3\ufeb7\u0640\ufe8e\ufedb\ufedd \u0627\ufedf\ufee7\u0638\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u0645 \u2013 \ufe97\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\ufe9f\ufef3\ufedd \u0627\ufedf\ufe91\ufef3\ufe8e\ufee7\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u0648\ufea3\ufed4\u0640\u0640\u0638 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufee0\ufed4\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u0648\u0637\ufe91\ufe8e\ufecb\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufe97\ufed8\ufe8e\u0631\ufef3\u0631\u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufeb7\u0640\u0640\ufea7\ufef3\u0635 \u0648\ufed7\ufe8e\ufe8b\ufee3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0623\ufea7\u0637\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u0621 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufeb7\u0640\u0640\ufed0\ufedd- \u0627\ufedf\ufea3\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufe91\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufed4\ufebb\u0640\u0640\ufef3\ufee0\ufef3\ufe94 \ufedf\ufed8\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0627\ufee7\ufef3\u0646 \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\u0640\u062f\ufef3\ufee7\ufe8e\ufee3\ufef3\ufedb\ufe8e \u0627\ufedf\ufea3\u0631\u0627\u0631\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0648\ufee3\ufef3\ufedb\ufe8e\ufee7\ufef3\ufedb\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\u0648\u0627\ufe8b\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufeca \u0648\u0627\ufee7\ufe97\ufed8\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufedd \u0627\ufedf\ufea3\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u2013 \ufee7\ufe97\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufe8b\ufe9e \u0648\ufea7\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627\ufe8b\u0637 \u0627\ufef9\ufe97\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\ufedf\ufea3\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufed8\u0640\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufedb\ufed4\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u0621\u0629 \ufedf\ufee0\ufee7\u0638\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u0645- \ufe97\ufed8\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufef3\u0645 \u0648\ufee3\ufecc\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufef3\u0631\u0629 \ufe91\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627\ufee3\ufe9e \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufecc\ufe8e\ufee3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufedd \u0627\ufef9\ufed3\ufe97\u0631\u0627\ufebf\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufef3\ufe94. \u062f\u0631\u0627\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufea3\ufe8e\ufedf\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0648\ufe97\u0637\ufe91\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0642 \ufecb\ufee3\ufee0\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \ufecb\ufee0\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \ufe97\ufeb7\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufed0\ufef3\ufedd\u0655\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \ufee7\u0638\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufef7\u0648\ufe97\u0648\ufee3\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\ufedb\ufef0 \ufedf\ufed0\ufefc\ufef3\ufe94 \ufebb\ufee7\ufe8e\ufecb\ufef3\ufe94 \ufef9\ufee7\ufe97\ufe8e\u062c \u0627\ufedf\ufe91\ufea7\ufe8e\u0631 \ufee3\ufeca \ufed7\ufef3\ufe8e\u0633 \u0648\ufe97\ufea3\u062f\ufef3\u062f \ufedb\ufed4\ufe8e\u0621\u0629 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufeb7\ufed0\ufef3\ufedd \u0648\ufea7\u0631\ufef3\u0637\u0640\ufe94 \u0627\ufef9\ufe97\u0640\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\ufedf\ufea3\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0649 \ufedf\ufee0\ufed0\ufefc\ufef3\u0640\ufe94 \ufecb\ufee7\u0640\u062f \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufeb7\ufed0\ufef3\ufedd \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufea7\ufe97\ufee0\ufed4\ufe94.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\ufee3\ufedb\u0642 \u0665\u0666\u0664 \u0625\ufeb3\ufe97\ufea7\u062f\u0627\u0645 <\/strong>PLC<strong> \u0648\ufe97\ufedb\ufee7\u0648\ufedf\u0648\ufe9f\ufef3\ufe8e \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufecc\ufee0\u0648\ufee3\ufe8e\u062a \ufed3\ufef0 \ufee7\u0638\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufef7\u0648\ufe97\u0648\ufee3\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\ufedb\ufef0:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\ufef3\ufeec\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0641 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufed8\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0631 \u0625\ufedf\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufecc\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0641 \ufecb\ufee0\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \ufedb\ufe8e\ufed3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufe97\ufed4\ufe8e\ufebb\u0640\u0640\ufef3\ufedd \u0648\u0648\u0638\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufe8b\u0641 \u0648\ufe97\u0637\ufe91\ufef3\ufed8\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u0623\ufe9f\ufeec\u0640\u0640\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0648\ufea3\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0627\u062a PLC-Programmable Logic Controller \u0627\ufedf\ufea3\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufee7\u0637\ufed8\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \u0627\ufedf\ufed8\ufe8e\ufe91\u0640\u0640\ufedd \ufedf\ufee0\ufe91\u0631\ufee3\ufe9f\u0640\u0640\ufe94: \ufee3\ufed8\u062f\ufee3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufebf\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0648\u0631\ufef3\ufe94 \ufea3\u0640\u0640\u0648\ufedd \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufedb\u0648\ufee7\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufedb\ufeec\u0631\ufe91\ufef3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0627\ufef7\ufeb3\ufe8e\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\ufef3\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \ufe97\u0640\u0640\u062f\ufea7\ufedd \ufed3\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \u062f\u0648\u0627\ufe8b\u0640\u0640\u0631 \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufef7\u0648\ufe97\u0648\ufee3\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\ufedb\ufef0 \u0627\ufef9\ufedf\ufedb\ufe97\u0631\u0648\ufee7\u0640\u0640\ufef0 (\u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufe9f\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufea3\ufeb3\ufe8e\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a\u060c \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufed4\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\ufea2 \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufee3\u0640\u0640\u0631\ufea3\ufefc\u062a \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufedb\u0648\ufee7\ufe97\ufedb\ufe97\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0631\u0632)-\u00a0\u0648\u0638\u0640\ufe8e\ufe8b\u0641 \u0648\u0623\ufee7\u0640\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0623\ufe9f\ufeec\u0640\u0632\u0629 PLC \ufed3\u0640\ufef0 \ufee7\u0638\u0640\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\u0640\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufef7\u0648\ufe97\u0648\ufee3\u0640\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\ufedb\ufef0 \ufed3\u0640\ufef0 \u0627\ufedf\ufecc\ufee3\ufee0\ufef3\u0640\ufe8e\u062a -process control \u0627\ufef7\ufe9f\u0640\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\ufedf\u0631\ufe8b\ufef3\ufeb3\u0640\ufef3\ufe94<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufeec\ufef3\ufedb\ufedd \u0627\ufedf\ufe91\ufee7\ufe8e\ufe8b\ufef0 \ufedf\u0648\ufea3\u0640\u062f\u0627\u062a -PLC \u0623\ufee7\u0640\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\ufef9\ufeb7\u0640\ufe8e\u0631\u0627\u062a (\u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufee7\ufe8e\u0638\u0631\ufef3\u0640\ufe94-\u0627\ufedf\u0631\ufed7\ufee3\ufef3\u0640\ufe94-\u0627\ufedf\ufe9b\ufee7\ufe8e\ufe8b\ufef3\u0640\ufe94)-\u0627\ufedf\ufecc\ufee7\ufe8e\ufebb\u0640\u0631\u0627\ufedf\ufee7\ufef3\u0648\ufee3\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufee7\u0637\ufed8\ufef3\u0640\ufe94- \u0623\ufee7\u0640\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\u0630\u0627\ufedb\u0631\u0627\u062a -ROM, RAM,EPROM, EEPROM\u2026 \u0637\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0642 \ufe91\u0631\ufee3\ufe9f\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0623\ufe9f\ufeec\u0640\u0640\u0632\u0629 \u2013 PLC \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufea7\u0637\u0640\u0640\u0637 \u0627\ufedf\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\ufee0\ufee3\ufef0 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0631\ufe9f\ufef0 \u2013 Ladder Diagram \ufee3\ufea7\u0637\u0640\u0640\u0637 \u0627\ufedf\u0648\u0638\ufef3\ufed4\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u2013Function Chart \ufed7\ufe8e\ufe8b\ufee3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0627\ufef7\u0648\u0627\ufee3\u0640\u0640\u0631 \u2013 Statement List<\/p>\n<p>\u0637\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0642 \ufe97\ufea7\ufebb\u0640\u0640\ufef3\u0635 \u0627\ufef7\u0637\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0641 \ufedf\ufee0\ufee3\u0640\u0640\u062f\ufea7\ufefc\u062a \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufea7\u0631\ufe9f\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a- \ufe91\u0631\ufee3\ufe9f\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\u0624\ufed7\ufe97\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufecc\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u2013 \u0648\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufe8b\ufedd \ufe97\u0648\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\ufef3\ufeca \u0648\u0632\ufef3\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufe8b\u0641 \u0648\ufee3\u062f\ufea7\ufefc\u062a \u0648\ufee3\ufea7\u0631\ufe9f\ufe8e\u062a \u0623\ufe9f\ufeec\u0632\u0629 PLC<\/p>\n<p><strong>\ufee3\ufedb\u0642 \u0665\u0666\u0665 \u0625\ufeb3\ufe97\ufea7\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\u062f\u0648\u0627\ufe8b\u0631 \u0627\ufedf\ufee7\ufef3\u0648\ufee3\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\ufe94 \ufed3\ufef0 \ufee7\u0638\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufef7\u0648\ufe97\u0648\ufee3\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\ufedb\ufef0:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\ufe97\ufebb\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufee3\ufef3\u0645 \u0648\ufe97\ufea3\ufee0\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufedd \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufee7\u0638\u0645 \u0627\ufef7\u0648\ufe97\u0648\ufee3\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\ufedb\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 (\u0627\ufedf\ufeec\u0640\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0641 \u0648\u0627\ufedf\u0648\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufef3\ufee0\ufe94)-\ufee3\u0632\u0627\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufee7\u0638\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\ufee7\ufef3\u0648\ufee3\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0648\ufecb\ufef3\u0648\ufe91\ufeec\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e- \u0637\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0642 \ufe97\ufea3\ufebf\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufef3\u0631 \u0627\ufedf\ufeec\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufebf\u0640\u0640\ufed0\u0648\u0637- \ufedb\ufef3\ufed4\ufef3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 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(\u0627\ufef7\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0637\u0648\u0627\ufee7\ufe8e\u062a\u060c \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufea3\u0631\ufedb\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a\u060c \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufea3\u0631\ufedb\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \ufee7\ufebb\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0641 \u0627\ufedf\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\ufee7\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94)-\u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufe91\ufe8e\ufeb7\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\ufed3\ufef0 \u0627\ufef7\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0637\u0648\u0627\ufee7\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufee7\ufef3\u0648\ufee3\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufee3\ufed4\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0648\ufee3\u0632\u062f\u0648\ufe9f\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufed4\ufecc\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufedd-\ufecb\ufee7\ufe8e\ufebb\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \ufed3\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \u0627\ufedf\u0637\ufe8e\ufed7\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufee7\ufef3\u0648\ufee3\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\u0640\u0640\ufe94(\ufebb\u0640\u0640\ufee3\ufe8e\ufee3\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \ufed3\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \u0627\ufedf\ufebf\u0640\u0640\ufed0\u0637 \u060c \ufebb\u0640\u0640\ufee3\ufe8e\ufee3\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufef9\ufe97\ufe9f\ufe8e\ufeeb\ufef3\u0640\u0640\ufe94\u060c \ufebb\u0640\u0640\ufee3\ufe8e\ufee3\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \ufed3\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \u0627\ufedf\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\u0631\ufef3\ufe8e\u0646 \u0648\ufe97\ufee7\u0638\u0640\u0640\ufef3\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\u062f\ufed3\u0642\u060c 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\ufed3\ufebb\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufedd \u0627\ufedf\ufebf\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufed0\u0637)- \u0627\ufedf\u0631\ufee3\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0632 \u0627\ufedf\ufed8\ufef3\ufe8e\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufef3\ufe94 \ufedf\ufee3\ufedb\u0648\ufee7\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\u062f\u0648\u0627\ufe8b\u0631 \u0627\ufedf\ufee7\ufef3\u0648\ufee3\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\ufe94- \ufed7\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\ufed3\ufeec\u0645 \u0648\ufe97\ufea3\ufee0\ufef3\ufedd \u0627\ufedf\u062f\u0648\u0627\ufe8b\u0631\u0627\ufedf\ufee7\ufef3\u0648\ufee3\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\u0631\ufedb\ufe91\ufe94.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\ufee3\ufedb\u0642 \u0665\u0666\u0666 \ufe97\u0637\ufe91\ufef3\ufed8\ufe8e\u062a \ufee3\ufe97\ufed8\u062f\ufee3\ufe94 \ufedf\ufee0\u062f\u0648\u0627\ufe8b\u0631\u0627\ufedf\ufeec\ufef3\u062f\u0631\u0648\ufedf\ufef3\ufedb\ufef3\ufe94 \ufed3\ufef0 \ufee7\u0638\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufef7\u0648\ufe97\u0648\ufee3\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\ufedb\ufef0:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\ufef3\ufeec\u062f\u0641 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufed8\u0631\u0631 \u0625\ufedf\ufef0 \ufe97\u0648\ufebf\ufef3\ufea2 \u0637\u0631\ufef3\ufed8\ufe94 \ufe97\ufeb7\ufed0\ufef3\ufedd \u0627\ufedf\u0640\ufee7\u0638\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\ufeec\ufef3\u062f\u0631\u0648\ufedf\ufef3\ufedb\ufef3\u0640\ufe94 \ufed3\u0640\ufef0 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufecc\u0640\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufeb3\u0640\ufe97\ufea7\u062f\ufee3\ufe94 \ufe91\u0637\u0631\ufef3\ufed8\u0640\ufe94 \ufeb3\u0640\ufee0\ufef3\ufee3\ufe94 \ufedf\ufee0\u0648\ufebb\u0640\u0648\ufedd \u0625\ufedf\u0640\ufef0 \u0623\ufed3\ufebf\ufedd \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \ufedf\ufeec\ufe8e\u0655\u0648\u0627\u0637\ufe8e\ufedf\ufe94 \ufecb\ufee3\u0631 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufeb7\u0640\ufed0\ufef3\ufedd-\ufe91\ufee7\u0640\ufe8e\u0621 \ufee3\ufee7\u0638\u0648\ufee3\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \ufeeb\ufef3\u062f\u0631\u0648\ufedf\ufef3\ufedb\ufef3\u0640\ufe94 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\ufe91\ufe84\ufee7\u0648\u0627\ufecb\ufeec\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e- \u0627\ufedf\ufebb\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufee3\ufe8e\ufee3\ufe8e\u062a \ufe91\ufe84\ufee7\u0648\u0627\ufecb\ufeec\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e-\ufee3\ufee0\ufea3\ufed8\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0648\u0627\ufe8b\u0631(\u0627\ufedf\ufee3\u0631\ufeb7\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufea3\ufe8e\u062a \ufe91\ufe84\ufee7\u0648\u0627\ufecb\ufeec\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u060c \ufee3\ufee7\ufed4\ufe9b\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufeec\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\u0631\u0627\ufedb\u0645\u060c \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufe91\ufe8e\u062f\ufefb\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufea3\u0631\u0627\u0631\ufef3\ufe94\u060c \u0627\ufedf\ufea7\u0631\u0627\u0637\ufef3\u0645\u060c \ufee3\ufe91\ufef3\ufee7\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufebf\ufed0\u0648\u0637).<\/p>\n<p><strong>\ufee3\ufedb\u0642 \u0665\u0666\u0667 \ufe97\u0637\ufe91\ufef3\ufed8\ufe8e\u062a \ufee3\ufe97\ufed8\u062f\ufee3\ufe94 \ufedf\ufe97\ufedb\ufee7\u0648\ufedf\u0648\ufe9f\ufef3\ufe8e PLC \ufed3\ufef0 \ufee7\u0638\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufef7\u0648\ufe97\u0648\ufee3\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\ufedb\ufef0:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\ufe97\u0637\ufe91\ufef3\ufed8\ufe8e\u062a \u0648\u0623\ufee3\ufe9b\ufee0\ufe94 \ufecb\ufee3\ufee0\ufef3\ufe94 \ufecb\ufee0\ufef0 \u0625\ufeb3\ufe97\ufea7\u062f\u0627\ufee3\ufe8e\u062a \u0623\ufe9f\ufeec\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0648\ufea3\u062f\u0627\u062a PLC \ufed3\ufef0 \u062f\u0648\u0627\ufe8b\u0631\u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \ufed3\ufef0 \ufee7\u0638\u0645 \ufeeb\ufee7\u062f\ufeb3\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufed8\u0648\u0649 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufef3\ufedb\ufe8e\ufee7\ufef3\ufedb\ufef3\u0640\ufe94 \u2013 \ufe97\u0637\ufe91\ufef3\ufed8\ufe8e\u062a \ufee3\ufe97\ufee7\u0648\ufecb\u0640\ufe94 \u0648\u0623\ufee3\ufe9b\ufee0\u0640\ufe94 \ufecb\ufee0\u0640\ufef0 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufea7\u0637\u0640\u0637 \u0627\ufedf\ufeb3\u0640\ufee0\ufee3\ufef0 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u062f\u0631\ufe9f\ufef0 \u2013 Ladder Diagram \ufe97\u0637\ufe91\ufef3\ufed8\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \ufecb\ufee0\u0640\ufef0 \u0627\ufedf\ufea3\ufe8e\ufeb3\u0640\u0628 \u0627\ufef5\ufedf\u0640\ufef0 \ufe91\ufe88\ufeb3\ufe97\ufea7\u062f\u0627\u0645 \ufe91\u0631\ufee7\ufe8e\ufee3\ufe9e \ufedf\ufee0\ufee3\ufea3\ufe8e\ufedb\ufe8e\u0629 \u0648\ufe91\u0631\u0627\ufee3\ufe9e \ufecb\ufee0\ufef0 \u0627\ufedf\ufea3\ufe8e\ufeb3\u0628 \u0627\ufef5\ufedf\ufef0.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\ufee3\ufedb\u0642 \u0665\u0666\u0668 \ufe97\u0637\ufe91\ufef3\ufed8\ufe8e\u062a \ufee3\ufe97\ufed8\u062f\ufee3\ufe94 \ufedf\ufee0\u062f\u0648\u0627\ufe8b\u0631 \u0627\ufedf\ufee7\ufef3\u0648\ufee3\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\ufe94 \ufed3\ufef0 \ufee7\u0638\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufef7\u0648\ufe97\u0648\ufee3\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\ufedb\ufef0:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\ufef3\ufe97\ufebf\ufee3\u0646 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufed8\u0631\u0631 \ufe97\u0637\ufe91\ufef3\ufed8\ufe8e\u062a \ufee3\ufe97\ufed8\u062f\ufee3\ufe94 \ufecb\ufee0\ufef0 \u0627\ufedf\ufea3\ufe8e\ufeb3\u0628 \u0627\ufef5\ufedf\ufef0 \ufedf\u062f\u0631\u0627\ufeb3\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\u062f\u0648\u0627\ufe8b\u0631\u0627\ufedf\ufee7\ufef3\u0648\ufee3\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufebb\ufee7\ufe8e\ufecb\ufef3\ufe94 \ufe97\ufe97\ufebf\ufee3\u0646 \ufee3\ufecc\ufe8e\ufee3\ufedd \u0625\ufed3\ufe97\u0631\u0627\ufebf\ufef3\ufe94 \u0648\ufee7\ufee3\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u0630\u062c \ufee3\ufea3\ufe8e\ufedb\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u0629 \ufe97\ufed4\ufe8e\ufecb\ufee0\ufef3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufedf\ufecc\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0627\ufe8b\u0640\u0640\u0631 \ufee7\ufef3\u0648\ufee3\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\ufedb\ufef3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufee3\ufea7\ufe97\ufee0\ufed4\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0648\ufef3\ufe97\ufebf\u0640\u0640\ufee3\u0646 \ufedb\u0640\u0640\u0630\ufedf\u0643 \ufee3\u0631\u0627\ufe9f\ufecc\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufeb7\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufee3\ufee0\ufe94 \ufef7\ufedb\ufe91\u0631\ufecb\u0640\u0640\u062f\u062f \ufee3\u0640\u0640\u0646 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufedb\u0648\ufee7\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u0648\u0627\ufef7\ufe9f\ufeec\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufecc\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufed4\ufecc\ufee0\ufef3\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufeb3\ufe97\ufea7\u062f\ufee3\ufe94 \ufed3\ufef0 \ufee7\u0638\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\u0640\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\ufee7\ufef3\u0648\ufee3\u0640\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\ufedb\ufef0 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufe97\ufee7\u0648\ufecb\u0640\ufe94. \ufef3\ufeec\u0640\u062f\u0641 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufed8\u0631\u0631\u0655\ufedf\u0640\ufef0 \ufe97\u0648\ufebf\u0640\ufef3\ufea2 \u0627\ufef7\ufeb7\u0640\ufedb\ufe8e\ufedd \u0648\u0627\ufedf\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\u0637\ufe91\ufef3\ufed8\ufef3\ufe94 \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufea7\u0631\ufe9f\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufe97\u0648\ufed7\ufecc\u0640\ufe94 \ufee3\u0640\u0646 \ufecb\u0640\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0631\ufe91\ufecc\u0640\ufe94 \u062f\u0631\u0627\ufeb3\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \ufea3\ufe8e\ufedf\u0640\ufe94 \ufedf\ufee3\ufecc\ufe8e\ufee3\u0640\ufedd \u0625\ufed3\ufe97\u0631\u0627\ufebf\u0640\ufef3\ufe94 \u0648\ufee7\ufee3\u0640\ufe8e\u0630\u062c \ufee3\ufea3\ufe8e\ufedb\u0640\ufe8e\u0629 \ufe97\ufed4\ufe8e\ufecb\ufee0\ufef3\u0640\ufe94 \ufedf\ufecc\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0627\ufe8b\u0631\ufee7\ufef3\u0648\ufee3\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\ufedb\ufef3\ufe94 \ufebb\ufee7\ufe8e\ufecb\ufef3\ufe94 \ufe97\ufeb3\ufe97\ufea7\u062f\u0645 \ufed3\ufef0 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufe9f\ufe8e\ufefb\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufebb\ufee7\ufe8e\ufecb\ufef3\ufe94 \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufee7\u0638\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufef3\ufedb\ufe8e\ufee7\ufef3\ufedb\ufef3\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufea7\ufe97\ufee0\ufed4\ufe94. \u0648\ufe97\ufeb3\u0640\ufee3\ufef0 \ufeeb\u0640\u0630\ufee9 \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u062f\u0648\u0627\ufe8b\u0631<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(Q cycle, L cycle, U cycle, &amp; the 3-cylinders cycle) \u0648\ufe97\ufecc\ufee3\u0640\ufedd \ufe9f\ufee3\ufef3\ufecc\ufeec\u0640\ufe8e \ufe91\u0640\u0640\ufee7\u0638\u0645 cascade &amp; mechanical stroke end techniques \u0648\ufef3\ufe97\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\ufeb3\ufe94 \ufe97\ufed4\ufe8e\ufebb\u0640\ufef3\ufedd \u0648\ufee3\ufedb\u0648\ufee7\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \ufedb\u0640\ufedd \u062f\u0627\ufe8b\u0640\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0631\ufef3\ufed8\u0640\ufe94 \ufe97\ufeb7\u0640\ufed0\ufef3\ufee0\ufeec\ufe8e \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufea7\u0631\ufe9f\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \ufe97\ufed8\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0645 \ufe91\ufeec\u0640\u0640\ufe8e. \ufef3\ufeec\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0641 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufed8\u0631\u0631\u0655\ufedf\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \ufe97\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0631\ufef3\u0628 \u0627\ufedf\u0637\u0640\u0640\ufefc\u0628 \ufecb\ufee0\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \ufee3\ufee3\ufe8e\u0631\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufee3\u0640\u0640\ufe8e \ufef3\u0640\u0640\ufe97\u0645 \ufee3\u0640\u0640\u0646 \ufe97\u0637\ufe91\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0642 \u0627\ufedf\ufed8\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0627\ufee7\ufef3\u0646 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufea7\ufe97\ufee0\ufed4\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufea3\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufe91\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufecc\ufed8\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0629 \ufed3\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \ufecb\ufee3\ufee0\ufef3\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\ufed4\ufecc\ufee0\ufef3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufedf\ufee0\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0648\u0627\ufe8b\u0631 \u0627\ufedf\ufee7\ufef3\u0648\ufee3\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufedf\ufee0\u0648\ufebb\u0640\u0640\u0648\ufedd \ufedf\ufee0\ufee7\ufe97\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufe8b\ufe9e \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufee7\ufe97\u0638\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0629 \ufee3\u0640\u0640\u0646 \ufecb\ufee3\ufee0\ufef3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645. \ufedb\ufee3\u0640\u0640\ufe8e \ufef3\ufeec\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0641 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufed8\u0631\u0631\ufedb\u0640\u0640\u0630\ufedf\u0643 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\u0627\ufedf\ufe91\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627\ufee3\ufe9e\u0655\u0648\u0627\ufe9f\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0621 \ufecb\ufee3\ufee0\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \ufee3\ufed8\ufe8e\u0631\ufee7\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufe91\ufef3\ufee7\ufeec\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e \u0648\ufe91\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufef3\u0646 \u0627\ufedf\ufea3\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufe91\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufed8\ufee0\ufef3\u062f\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\u0648\u0627\u0632\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufedf\ufee0\u0648\ufebb\u0648\ufedd \ufedf\ufee7\ufed4\u0633 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufea7\u0631\ufe9f\ufe8e\u062a \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufee7\ufe97\ufe8e\ufe8b\ufe9e \u0627\ufedf\ufecc\ufee3\ufee0\ufef3\ufe94.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\ufee3\ufedb\u0642 \u0665\u0666\u0669 \ufe97\u0637\ufe91\ufef3\ufed8\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufecc\ufe8e\ufee3\ufedd \u0627\ufef9\ufed3\ufe97\u0631\u0627\ufebf\ufef3\ufe94 \ufed3\ufef0 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \ufed3\ufef0 \ufee3\ufea3\u0637\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufed8\u0648\u0649 \u0627\ufedf\ufe91\ufea7\ufe8e\u0631\ufef3\ufe94:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\ufef3\ufe97\ufebf\ufee3\u0646 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufed8\u0631\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\ufeb3\ufe94 \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufecc\u0631\u0641 \ufecb\ufee0\ufef0 \u0648\ufe97\ufea3\ufee0\ufef3\ufedd \ufecb\ufee7\ufe8e\ufebb\u0631\u0627\ufedf\ufecc\u062f\ufef3\u062f \ufee3\u0646 \ufee3\ufedb\u0648\ufee7\ufe8e\u062a \u0648\u0623\ufe9f\ufeec\u0632\u0629 \u0648\ufee3\ufecc\u062f\u0627\u062a \ufee7\u0638\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\u0640\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufef5\ufedf\u0640\ufef0 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufeb3\u0640\ufe97\ufea7\u062f\ufee3\ufe94 \ufed3\ufef0 \ufee3\ufea3\u0637\ufe8e\u062a \ufe97\u0648\ufedf\ufef3\u062f \u0627\ufedf\ufedb\ufeec\u0631\ufe91\ufe8e\u0621 \u0627\ufedf\ufe91\ufea7\ufe8e\u0631\ufef3\ufe94. \ufedb\ufee3\ufe8e \ufef3\ufe97\ufebf\ufee3\u0646 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufed8\u0631\u0631\ufedb\u0630\ufedf\u0643 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\u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufeb7\ufed0\ufef3\ufedd \u0648\ufedb\ufe8e\ufed3\ufe94 \u0627\ufefb\ufea3\ufee3\ufe8e\ufedd \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufea7\ufe97\ufee0\ufed4\ufe94.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\ufee3\ufedb\u0642 \u0665\u0667\u0663 \ufe97\u0637\ufe91\ufef3\ufed8\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufecc\ufe8e\ufee3\ufedd \u0627\ufef9\ufed3\ufe97\u0631\u0627\ufebf\ufef3\ufe94 \ufed3\ufef0 \u062f\u0631\u0627\ufeb3\ufe94 \u0648\ufe97\ufea3\ufee0\ufef3\ufedd \ufea7\ufebb\ufe8e\ufe8b\u0635 \ufee3\ufea3\u0631\ufedb\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufef9\ufea3\ufe97\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\ufedf\u062f\u0627\ufea7\ufee0\ufef0<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\ufef3\ufe97\ufebf\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufee3\u0646 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufed8\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufecc\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0641 \ufecb\ufee0\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \u0648\ufe97\ufea3\ufee0\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufedd \ufecb\ufee7\ufe8e\ufebb\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627\ufedf\ufecc\u062f\ufef3\u062f \ufee3\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0646 \ufee3\ufedb\u0648\ufee7\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u0648\u0623\ufe9f\ufeec\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0632\u0629 \u0648\ufee3\ufecc\u0640\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0627\u062a \ufee7\u0638\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufef5\ufedf\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea7\u062f\ufee3\ufe94 \ufed3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \ufe97\ufea3\u062f\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\u062f \u0627\ufedf\ufea7\ufebb\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufe8b\u0635 \u0648\ufee3\u0648\u0627\ufebb\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufed4\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufef7\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\ufedf\ufecc\ufee3\ufee0\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 actual performance characteristics \ufedf\ufee3\ufea3\u0631\ufedb\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\u062f\ufef3\u0632\ufedd \ufee3\u0640\u0640\u0646 \ufea7\u0640\u0640\ufefc\ufedd \u0627\ufedf\ufed8\ufef3\ufe8e\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \ufecb\ufee0\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \u0648\ufea3\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0629 \u0627\ufedf\ufed4\u0631\ufee3\ufee0\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufeec\ufef3\u062f\u0631\u0648\ufedf\ufef3\ufedb\ufef3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 .hydraulic brake unit \ufedb\ufee3\u0640\u0640\ufe8e \ufef3\ufe97\ufebf\u0640\u0640\ufee3\u0646 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufed8\u0631\u0631\ufedb\u0640\u0640\u0630\ufedf\u0643 \u062f\u0631\u0627\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufea3\ufe8e\ufedf\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufe97\u0637\ufe91\ufef3\ufed8\ufef3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufee3\u0640\u0640\u0646 \ufea7\u0640\u0640\ufefc\ufedd \ufe91\u0631\ufee7\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufee3\ufe9e \ufee3\ufecc\ufe8e\ufee3\u0640\u0640\ufedd \u0625\ufed3\ufe97\u0631\u0627\ufebf\u0640\u0640\ufef3\ufe94 \ufe97\ufed4\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufecb\ufee0\ufef0 \ufedf\ufee0\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufef7\u0648\ufe97\u0648\ufee3\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\ufedb\ufef0 \u0648\ufe97\ufeb7\u0640\u0640\ufed0\ufef3\ufedd\u0655\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \ufedb\ufe8e\ufed3\ufe94 \u0623\ufe9f\u0640\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0648\ufea3\u0640\u062f\u0629 \u0627\ufedf\ufed4\u0631\ufee3\ufee0\u0640\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufeec\ufef3\u062f\u0631\u0648\ufedf\ufef3\ufedb\ufef3\u0640\ufe94 \ufedf\ufee3\ufea3\u0637\u0640\ufe94 \ufee3\ufea3\u0631\ufedb\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u062f\ufef3\u0640\u0632\ufedd \ufe91\ufe8e\ufedf\u0640\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\ufe91\ufe8e\ufecb\ufef3\u0640\ufe94-\u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufeb7\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0648\ufe97\ufe97\ufebf\u0640\ufee3\u0646 \ufecb\u0640\u062f\u062f \ufeb3\u0640\ufe97\ufe94 \ufeb3\u0640\ufee0\ufee7\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \ufecb\ufee0\ufef0 \ufee7\ufed4\u0633 \ufecb\u0640\ufe8e\ufee3\u0648\u062f \u0627\ufef9\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\ufe97\ufeb3\u0640\ufe97\ufea7\u062f\u0645 \ufee7\u0638\u0640\ufe8e\u0645 \ufeb7\u0640\ufea3\u0646 \u0627\ufedf\ufeec\u0640\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\u0640\u0648\u0631\ufe91\ufef3\ufee7\ufef0air turbo-charger \ufedf\ufefa\ufeb3\u0640\ufe97\ufed4\ufe8e\u062f\u0629 \ufee3\u0640\u0646 \ufecf\u0640\ufe8e\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufecc\u0640\ufe8e\u062f\u0645 \u0648\ufee7\u0638\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u0645 \ufe97\ufe91\u0631\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u062f \ufee3\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufe8b\ufef0 \ufedf\ufee0\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\ufee0\ufee7\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\ufedf\u0632\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufea3\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0643. \ufef3\ufe97\ufebf\u0640\u0640\ufee3\u0646 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufed8\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0631 \ufe97\ufea3\ufee0\ufef3\u0640\u0640\ufedd \ufedb\ufe8e\ufed3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufee7\u0638\u0640\u0640\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\ufed8\ufef3\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u0633 \u0648\u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufef7\u0648\ufe97\u0648\ufee3\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\ufedb\ufef0 \ufed3\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \u0627\ufedf\ufe91\u0631\ufee7\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufee3\ufe9e \ufedf\ufee3\ufecc\u0631\ufed3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0648\u0638\ufe8e\ufe8b\ufed4\ufeec\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e \u0648\ufe97\ufed4\ufe8e\ufebb\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufef3\ufedd \ufecb\ufee3\ufee0\ufeec\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e \u0648\ufee3\ufe8e\ufeeb\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufee3\ufea7\u0631\ufe9f\ufe8e\ufe97\ufeec\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e \u0648\ufedb\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0630\ufedf\u0643 \ufe97\ufea3\ufee0\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufedd \ufedb\ufe8e\ufed3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufecb\ufee3\ufee0\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\u0640\u062f\ufef3\ufee7\ufe8e\ufee3\ufef3\ufedb\ufe8e \u0627\ufedf\ufea3\u0631\u0627\u0631\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0648\ufee3\ufef3\ufedb\ufe8e\ufee7\ufef3\ufedb\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\u0648\u0627\ufe8b\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufeca \u0648\u0627\ufee7\ufe97\ufed8\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufedd \u0627\ufedf\ufea3\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea7\u062f\ufee3\ufe94 \ufed3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \ufe9f\ufee3\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufeca \u0623\ufe9f\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufea3\u0637\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0648\u0648\ufea3\u0640\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0629 \u0627\ufedf\ufed4\u0631\ufee3\ufee0\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufeec\ufef3\u062f\u0631\u0648\ufedf\ufef3\ufedb\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94. \ufef3\ufeec\u0640\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0641 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufed8\u0631\u0631\ufedb\u0630\ufedf\u0643 \u0625\ufedf\ufef0 \ufe97\u062f\u0631\ufef3\u0628 \u0627\ufedf\u0637\ufefc\u0628 \ufecb\ufee0\ufef0 \ufee3\ufee3\ufe8e\u0631\ufeb3\ufe94 \ufee3\ufe8e \ufef3\u0640\ufe97\u0645 \ufee3\u0640\u0646 \ufe97\u0637\ufe91\ufef3\u0640\u0642 \u0627\ufedf\ufed8\u0640\u0648\u0627\ufee7\ufef3\u0646 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufea7\ufe97\ufee0\ufed4\u0640\ufe94 \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufea3\ufeb3\u0640\ufe8e\ufe91\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufecc\ufed8\u0640\u062f\u0629 \ufed3\u0640\ufef0 \ufecb\ufee3\ufee0\ufef3\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\ufed4\ufecc\ufee0\ufef3\ufe94 \ufedf\ufee3\ufea3\u0637\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\u062f\ufef3\u0632\ufedd \ufedf\ufee0\u0648\ufebb\u0648\ufedd \ufedf\ufee0\ufee7\ufe97\ufe8e\ufe8b\ufe9e \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufee7\ufe97\u0638\u0631\u0629 \ufee3\u0646 \ufecb\ufee3\ufee0\ufef3\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645. \ufedb\ufee3\ufe8e \ufef3\ufeec\u0640\u062f\u0641 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufed8\u0631\u0631\ufedb\u0640\u0630\ufedf\u0643 \u0625\ufedf\u0640\ufef0 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufe84\ufedb\u0640\u062f \ufee3\u0640\u0646 \ufee3\ufebb\u062f\u0627\ufed7\ufef3\ufe94 \ufeeb\u0630\ufee9 \u0627\ufedf\ufe91\u0631\u0627\ufee3\ufe9e \u0648\ufecb\ufee3\ufedd \ufee3\ufecc\ufe8e\ufef3\u0631\u0629 \ufecb\ufee0\ufee3\ufef3\ufe94 \ufedf\ufee3\ufea7\u0631\ufe9f\ufe8e\ufe97\ufeec\ufe8e \ufee3\u0640\u0646 \ufea7\u0640\ufefc\ufedd \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufea3\ufed8\u0640\u0642 \ufee3\u0640\u0646 \u0627\ufedf\ufed8\u0640\u0648\u0627\ufee7\ufef3\u0646 \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufea3\ufeb3\u0640\ufe8e\ufe91\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\u062f\u0627\ufea7\ufee0\ufef3\u0640\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\u0640\ufef0 \ufe97\u0640\ufe97\u0645 \ufed3\ufef0 \ufeeb\u0630\ufee9 \u0627\ufedf\ufe91\u0631\u0627\ufee3\ufe9e\u0655\u0648\u0627\ufe9f\u0631\u0627\u0621 \ufecb\ufee3\ufee0\ufef3\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \ufee3\ufed8\ufe8e\u0631\ufee7\u0640\ufe94 \ufe91\ufef3\ufee7\ufeec\u0640\ufe8e \u0648\ufe91\u0640\ufef3\u0646 \u0627\ufedf\ufea3\ufeb3\u0640\ufe8e\ufe91\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufed8\ufee0\ufef3\u062f\ufef3\u0640\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\u0648\u0627\u0632\ufef3\u0640\ufe94 \ufedf\ufee0\u0648\ufebb\u0640\u0648\ufedd \ufedf\u0640\ufee7\ufed4\u0633 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufea7\u0631\ufe9f\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufee7\ufe97\u0640\ufe8e\ufe8b\ufe9e \ufee3\ufe9b\u0640\u0640\ufedd \u0631\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\u0645 actual performance characteristic curves \u0648\ufea7\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627\ufe8b\u0637 \u0627\ufef9\ufe97\u0640\u0640\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\ufedf\ufea3\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0648\ufe97\ufea3\u062f\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u062f \u0627\ufedf\ufed8\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0648\ufedb\ufed4\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u0621\u0629 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufea3\u0631\u0643 \u0648\ufee3\ufecc\ufe8e\ufee3\ufedd \u0627\ufef9\ufeb3\ufe97\ufeec\ufefc\u0643 \u0627\ufedf\ufee7\u0648\ufecb\ufef0 \ufedf\ufee0\u0648\ufed7\u0648\u062f \ufecb\ufee7\u062f \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufeb7\ufed0\ufef3\ufedd \u0648\ufedb\ufe8e\ufed3\ufe94 \u0627\ufefb\ufea3\ufee3\ufe8e\ufedd \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufea7\ufe97\ufee0\ufed4\ufe94.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\ufee3\ufedb\u0642 \u0665\u0667\u0664 \ufe97\u0637\ufe91\ufef3\ufed8\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufecc\ufe8e\ufee3\ufedd \u0627\ufef9\ufed3\ufe97\u0631\u0627\ufebf\ufef3\ufe94 \ufed3\ufef0 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \ufed3\ufef0 \ufee3\ufea3\u0637\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufebf\ufea7\ufe8e\u062a \u0648\u0627\ufedf\u0631\ufed3\ufeca \u0648\ufe97\ufed0\u0630\ufef3\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufea7\u0632\u0627\ufee7\ufe8e\u062a<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\ufef3\ufe97\ufebf\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufee3\u0646 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufed8\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufecc\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0641 \ufecb\ufee0\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \u0648\ufe97\ufea3\ufee0\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufedd \ufecb\ufee7\ufe8e\ufebb\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627\ufedf\ufecc\u062f\ufef3\u062f \ufee3\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0646 \ufee3\ufedb\u0648\ufee7\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u0648\u0623\ufe9f\ufeec\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0632\u0629 \u0648\ufee3\ufecc\u0640\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0627\u062a \ufee7\u0638\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufef5\ufedf\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea7\u062f\ufee3\ufe94 \ufed3\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \ufee3\ufea3\u0637\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufebf\u0640\u0640\ufea7\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\u0631\ufedb\u0632\ufef3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea7\u062f\ufee3\ufe94 \ufed3\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \u0631\ufed3\u0640\u0640\ufeca \u0627\ufedf\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0627\ufe8b\ufedd \u0648\ufe97\ufed0\u0630\ufef3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0648\ufee3\u0640\u0640\ufedd\u0621 \u0627\ufedf\ufea7\u0632\u0627\ufee7\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a. \ufedb\ufee3\u0640\u0640\ufe8e \ufef3\ufe97\ufebf\u0640\u0640\ufee3\u0646 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufed8\u0631\u0631\ufedb\u0640\u0640\u0630\ufedf\u0643 \u062f\u0631\u0627\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufea3\ufe8e\ufedf\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufe97\u0637\ufe91\ufef3\ufed8\ufef3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufee3\u0640\u0640\u0646 \ufea7\u0640\u0640\ufefc\ufedd \ufe91\u0631\ufee7\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufee3\ufe9e \ufee3\ufecc\ufe8e\ufee3\u0640\u0640\ufedd \u0625\ufed3\ufe97\u0631\u0627\ufebf\u0640\u0640\ufef3\ufe94 \ufe97\ufed4\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufecb\ufee0\ufef0 \ufedf\ufee0\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufef7\u0648\ufe97\u0648\ufee3\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\ufedb\ufef0 \u0648\ufe97\ufeb7\u0640\u0640\ufed0\ufef3\ufedd\u0655\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \ufedb\ufe8e\ufed3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0623\ufe9f\u0640\u0640\u0632\u0627\u0621 \ufee3\ufea3\u0637\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufedf\ufee0\u0631\ufed3\u0640\u0640\ufeca \ufe97\ufe97\ufebf\u0640\u0640\ufee3\u0646 \ufecb\u0640\u0640\u062f\u062f \u0662 \ufee3\ufebf\u0640\u0640\ufea7\ufe94 \ufee3\u0631\ufedb\u0632\ufef3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufe97\ufecc\ufee3\u0640\u0640\ufefc\u0646 \ufecb\ufee0\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufef0 \u0623\u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufe97\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \ufedb\u0640\u0640\ufedd \ufecb\ufee0\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \ufea3\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0629 \ufea3\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\u0628<\/p>\n<p>\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufeb7\ufed0\ufef3\ufedd \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufea3\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufea7\u0631\ufe9f\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\u0637\ufee0\u0648\ufe91\ufe94 . \ufef3\ufe97\ufebf\ufee3\u0646 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufed8\u0631\u0631 \ufe97\ufea3\ufee0\ufef3\ufedd \ufedb\ufe8e\ufed3\ufe94 \ufee7\u0638\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\ufed8\ufef3\ufe8e\u0633 \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufef7\u0648\ufe97\u0648\ufee3\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\ufedb\ufef0 \ufed3\u0640\ufef0 \u0627\ufedf\ufe91\u0631\ufee7\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufee3\ufe9e \ufedf\ufee3\ufecc\u0631\ufed3\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0648\u0638\ufe8e\ufe8b\ufed4\ufeec\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e \u0648\ufe97\ufed4\ufe8e\ufebb\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufef3\ufedd \ufecb\ufee3\ufee0\ufeec\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e \u0648\ufee3\ufe8e\ufeeb\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufee3\ufea7\u0631\ufe9f\ufe8e\ufe97\ufeec\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e \u0648\ufedb\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0630\ufedf\u0643 \ufe97\ufea3\ufee0\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufedd \ufedb\ufe8e\ufed3\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufecb\ufee3\ufee0\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \ufee3\ufef3\ufedb\ufe8e\ufee7\ufef3\ufedb\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\u0648\u0627\ufe8b\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufeca \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea7\u062f\ufee3\ufe94 \ufed3\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \ufe9f\ufee3\ufef3\u0640\u0640\ufeca \u0623\ufe9f\u0640\u0640\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufea3\u0637\u0640\u0640\ufe94. \ufef3\ufeec\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0641 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufed8\u0631\u0631\ufedb\u0640\u0640\u0630\ufedf\u0643 \u0625\ufedf\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \ufe97\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0631\ufef3\u0628 \u0627\ufedf\u0637\u0640\u0640\ufefc\u0628 \ufecb\ufee0\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \ufee3\ufee3\ufe8e\u0631\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufee3\u0640\u0640\ufe8e \ufef3\u0640\u0640\ufe97\u0645 \ufee3\u0640\u0640\u0646 \ufe97\u0637\ufe91\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0642 \u0627\ufedf\ufed8\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0627\ufee7\ufef3\u0646 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufea7\ufe97\ufee0\ufed4\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufea3\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufe91\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufecc\ufed8\u0640\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0629 \ufed3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \ufecb\ufee3\ufee0\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\ufed4\ufecc\ufee0\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufedf\ufee3\ufea3\u0637\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\u0631\ufed3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufeca \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufebf\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufea7\ufe8e\u062a \ufedf\ufee0\u0648\ufebb\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\ufedd \ufedf\ufee0\ufee7\ufe97\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufe8b\ufe9e \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufee7\ufe97\u0638\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0629 \ufee3\u0640\u0640\u0646 \ufecb\ufee3\ufee0\ufef3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645. \ufedb\ufee3\u0640\u0640\ufe8e \ufef3\ufeec\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0641 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufed8\u0631\u0631\ufedb\u0640\u0640\u0630\ufedf\u0643 \u0625\ufedf\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufe84\ufedb\u0640\u0640\u062f \ufee3\u0640\u0640\u0646 \ufee3\ufebb\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0627\ufed7\ufef3\ufe94 \ufeeb\u0640\u0640\u0630\ufee9 \u0627\ufedf\ufe91\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627\ufee3\ufe9e \u0648\ufecb\ufee3\u0640\u0640\ufedd \ufee3\ufecc\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufef3\u0631\u0629 \ufecb\ufee0\ufee3\ufef3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufedf\ufee3\ufea7\u0631\ufe9f\ufe8e\ufe97\ufeec\ufe8e \ufee3\u0646 \ufea7\ufefc\ufedd \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufea3\ufed8\u0642 \ufee3\u0646 \u0627\ufedf\ufed8\u0648\u0627\ufee7\ufef3\u0646 \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufea3\ufeb3\ufe8e\ufe91\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\u062f\u0627\ufea7\ufee0\ufef3\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufef0 \ufe97\ufe97\u0645 \ufed3\ufef0 \ufeeb\u0630\ufee9 \u0627\ufedf\ufe91\u0631\u0627\ufee3\ufe9e\u0655\u0648\u0627\ufe9f\u0631\u0627\u0621 \ufecb\ufee3\ufee0\ufef3\ufe8e\u062a \ufee3\ufed8\ufe8e\u0631\ufee7\ufe94 \ufe91\ufef3\ufee7\ufeec\u0640\ufe8e \u0648\ufe91\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufef3\u0646 \u0627\ufedf\ufea3\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufe91\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufed8\ufee0\ufef3\u062f\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\u0648\u0627\u0632\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufedf\ufee0\u0648\ufebb\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\ufedd \ufedf\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufee7\ufed4\u0633 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufea7\u0631\ufe9f\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufee7\ufe97\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufe8b\ufe9e \ufee3\ufe9b\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufedd \u0631\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0645 actual performance characteristic H-Q curves \ufedf\ufedb\u0640\ufedd \ufee3\ufebf\u0640\ufea7\ufe94 \ufecb\ufee0\u0640\ufef0 \ufea3\u0640\u062f\u0629 \u0648\ufedf\ufee0\ufee3\ufea3\u0637\u0640\ufe94 \ufee3\ufe9f\ufe97\ufee3\ufecc\u0640\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufed8\u0640\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufedb\ufed4\u0640\ufe8e\u0621\u0629 \ufecb\ufee7\u0640\u062f \u0638\u0640\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufeb7\u0640\ufed0\ufef3\ufedd \u0648\ufedb\ufe8e\ufed3\ufe94 \u0627\ufefb\ufea3\ufee3\ufe8e\ufedd \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufea7\ufe97\ufee0\ufed4\ufe94.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\ufee3\ufedb\u0642 \u0665\u0667\u0665 \ufe97\u0637\ufe91\ufef3\ufed8\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufecc\ufe8e\ufee3\ufedd \u0627\ufef9\ufed3\ufe97\u0631\u0627\ufebf\ufef3\ufe94 \ufed3\ufef0 \ufee3\ufea3\u0637\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufeb3\ufea7\ufef3\u0646 \ufe91\ufe8e\ufedf\u0637\ufe8e\ufed7\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufeb7\ufee3\ufeb3\ufef3\ufe94:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\ufef3\ufe97\ufebf\u0640\u0640\ufee3\u0646 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufed8\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufecc\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0641 \ufecb\ufee0\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \u0648\ufe97\ufea3\ufee0\ufef3\u0640\u0640\ufedd \ufecb\ufee7\ufe8e\ufebb\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627\ufedf\ufecc\u062f\ufef3\u062f \ufee3\u0640\u0640\u0646 \ufee3\ufedb\u0648\ufee7\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u0648\u0623\ufe9f\ufeec\u0640\u0640\u0632\u0629 \u0648\ufee3\ufecc\u0640\u0640\u062f\u0627\u062a \ufee7\u0638\u0640\u0640\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufef5\ufedf\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea7\u062f\ufee3\ufe94 \ufed3\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \ufee3\ufea3\u0637\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \ufe97\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\ufea7\ufef3\u0646 \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufef3\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufee9 \ufe91\ufe8e\ufedf\u0637\ufe8e\ufed7\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufeb7\ufee3\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\ufef3\ufe94 \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufe9f\ufee3\ufecc\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufee3\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\ufe97\u0648\ufef3\ufe94 Flat Plate collectors \u0648\ufe97\ufea7\u0632\ufef3\ufee7\ufeec\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e \ufedf\ufedb\ufe8e\ufed3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe94 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\u0622\ufea7\u0631\ufee3\u0640\u0640\ufe8e \u0648\ufebb\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufedd \u0625\ufedf\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufeea \u0627\ufedf\ufecc\ufee0\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0645 \u0648\u0627\ufef7\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufedf\ufef3\u0628 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufedb\ufee7\u0648\ufedf\u0648\ufe9f\ufef3\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufea3\u062f\ufef3\ufe9b\ufe94 \ufed3\ufef0 \ufe97\u0637\ufe91\ufef3\ufed8\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \ufed3\ufef2 \u0627\ufefb\ufea3\ufe97\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0622\ufefb\u062a \u0627\ufefb\ufea3\ufe97\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\ufedf\u062f\u0627\ufea7\ufee0\ufef2.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\ufee3\ufedb\u0642\u0665\u0668\u0667 \ufee3\u0648\ufebf\u0648\ufecb\ufe8e\u062a \ufee3\ufea7\ufe97\ufe8e\u0631\u0629 \ufed3\ufef2 \ufee7\u0638\u0645 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \ufed3\ufef0 \ufee3\ufea3\u0637\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufed8\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0627\ufedf\ufeec\ufee7\u062f\ufeb3\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufe91\ufea7\ufe8e\u0631\ufef3\ufe94:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\ufee3\ufed8\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0631 \ufea7\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u0635: \ufee3\u0648\ufebf\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\ufecb\ufe8e\u062a \ufee3\ufea7\ufe97\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u0631\u0629 \u0648\ufee3\ufe97\ufed8\u062f\ufee3\u0640\u0640\ufe94 \ufed3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufef0 \u0627\ufedf\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \u0627\ufef7\u0648\ufe97\u0648\ufee3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufe97\ufef3\ufedb\ufef0 \ufe97\ufe97\ufee7\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\u0648\ufedd \u0622\ufea7\u0631\ufee3\u0640\u0640\ufe8e \u0648\ufebb\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufedd \u0625\ufedf\ufef3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufeea \u0627\ufedf\ufecc\ufee0\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0645 \u0648\u0627\ufef7\ufeb3\u0640\u0640\u0640\ufe8e\ufedf\ufef3\u0628 \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufedb\ufee7\u0648\ufedf\u0648\ufe9f\ufef3\ufe94 \u0627\ufedf\ufea3\u062f\ufef3\ufe9b\ufe94 \ufed3\ufef0 \ufe97\u0637\ufe91\ufef3\ufed8\ufe8e\u062a \u0627\ufedf\ufe97\ufea3\ufedb\u0645 \ufed3\ufef2 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